119-hr2770

[Congressional Bills 119th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 2770 Introduced in House

    (IH) ]

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119th CONGRESS
 1st Session
 H. R. 2770

 To direct the use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic and 
 Atmospheric Administration to adapt to extreme weather, and for other 
 purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

 April 9, 2025

Mr. Scott Franklin of Florida introduced the following bill; which was 
 referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology

_______________________________________________________________________

 A BILL

 To direct the use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic and 
 Atmospheric Administration to adapt to extreme weather, and for other 
 purposes.

 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Transformational 
Artificial intelligence to Modernize the Economy against Extreme 
Weather and Wildfires Act'' or the ``TAME Extreme Weather and Wildfires 
Act''.

    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.

Sec. 2. Definitions.

Sec. 3. Earth system forecasting and information delivery.

Sec. 4. Advanced artificial intelligence applications for weather and 
 information delivery.

Sec. 5. Technical assistance on use of artificial intelligence weather 
 models.

Sec. 6. Fire environment modeling program.

Sec. 7. Partnerships for transformational innovation.

Sec. 8. Federal Government workforce expertise.

Sec. 9. Data access.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

 In this Act:

    (1) Artificial intelligence.--
        (A) In general.--The term ``artificial 
 intelligence'' means a machine-based system that can, 
 for a given set of human-defined objectives, make 
 predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing 
 real or virtual environments, including by using 
 machine-based and human-based inputs--
            (i) to abstract such objectives into models 
 through analysis in an automated manner; and
            (ii) to use model inferences to generate 
 information or formulate options for action.
        (B) Inclusions.--The term ``artificial 
 intelligence'' includes machine learning, neural 
 networks, and natural language processing.

    (2) Artificial intelligence weather model.--The term 
 ``artificial intelligence weather model'' means a weather model 
 based primarily on artificial intelligence to project future 
 Earth system conditions based on machine learning from an Earth 
 system reanalysis dataset.

    (3) Curate.--The term ``curate'' means to collect, 
 maintain, and update periodically a dataset--
        (A) to ensure and document its quality; and
        (B) to provide metadata on its provenance.

    (4) Numerical weather model.--The term ``numerical weather 
 model'' means a weather model based primarily on coupled Earth 
 system processes and that uses numerical computation to 
 forecast future Earth system conditions.

    (5) Observational data.--The term ``observational data'' 
 means data from actual observations of environmental 
 conditions, including remote sensing and in situ platforms.

    (6) Open license.--The term ``open license'' has the 
 meaning given that term in 

section 3502

    (21) of title 44, United 
 States Code.

    (7) Reforecast analysis.--The term ``reforecast analysis'' 
 means the assessment of a numerical weather model or artificial 
 intelligence weather model by comparing model output and 
 observational data over a period of time in the past.

    (8) Synthetic data.--The term ``synthetic data'' means data 
 produced from a model or statistical method in order to fill 
 gaps in observational data.

    (9) Training dataset.--The term ``training dataset'' means 
 a dataset used to train an artificial intelligence model.

    (10) Under secretary.--The term ``Under Secretary'' means 
 the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere.

    (11) Weather enterprise.--The term ``weather enterprise'' 
 has the meaning given such term in 

section 2 of the Weather 
 Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (15 U.S.C. 
 8501).

SEC. 3. EARTH SYSTEM FORECASTING AND INFORMATION DELIVERY.

    (a) In General.--Not later than two years after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, in consultation with the 
Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and 
Space Administration, the Director of the National Science Foundation, 
any appropriate Federal Advisory Committee, and such other technical 
experts as the Under Secretary considers appropriate, shall develop and 
curate comprehensive weather forecasting training datasets with 
relevant Earth system data, quality information, and metadata necessary 
for weather forecasting dataset that develops a long-term record of 
past weather in support of the following:

    (1) Furthering the understanding of weather, water, and 
 space weather modeling and data.

    (2) Advancing the science of weather forecasting, including 
 seasonal and subseasonal forecasting.

    (3) Developing artificial intelligence weather forecasting 
 applications.

    (b) Use of Existing Datasets.--In order to speed the development of 
the weather forecasting training dataset required under subsection

    (a) , 
the Under Secretary shall assess, and to the greatest extent 
practicable build on, existing weather forecasting training datasets of 
the Federal Government.
            (c) Artificial Intelligence Weather Model.--

    (1) In general.--In carrying out this section, the Under 
 Secretary, in consultation with any appropriate Federal 
 Advisory Committees, may develop and test a global weather 
 model based on artificial intelligence, to be referred to as an 
 ``artificial intelligence weather model''.

    (2) Weather ready nation.--In coordination with the 
 activities carried out under paragraph

    (1) , the Under Secretary 
 may explore using artificial intelligence to enhance the 
 dissemination of information and evaluation of effectiveness 
 for improved public understanding, preparedness, and 
 resilience.

    (3) Reports.--Not later than two years after the date of 
 the enactment of this Act and not less frequently than annually 
 thereafter, the Under Secretary shall submit to the Committee 
 on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the 
 Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of 
 Representatives a report on the activities conducted under 
 paragraph

    (1) .
            (d) Cooperative Institutes and Contracting Authority.--In carrying 
out this section, subject to the availability of appropriations, the 
Under Secretary may competitively award contracts and funding 
opportunities, increase the scope of existing cooperative institutes of 
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or competitively 
award a new cooperative institute.

    (e) Environmental Impact.--The Under Secretary shall develop and 
disseminate best practices to minimize environmental impacts from the 
use of artificial intelligence to carry out this section.

    (f) Continued Support for Observations, Basic Research, and 
Numerical Weather Models.--Notwithstanding the requirements of this 
section, the Under Secretary shall continue to support and advance the 
activities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration carry 
out the following:

    (1) Collect and acquire traditional and novel observational 
 data relevant for artificial intelligence and numerical weather 
 models.

    (2) Advance research on the Earth system and numerical 
 weather models.

    (3) Develop and advance numerical Earth system modeling for 
 predictions.

    (4) Develop weather model data post-processing techniques.

    (5) Improve data assimilation techniques.

SEC. 4. ADVANCED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS FOR WEATHER AND 
 INFORMATION DELIVERY.

 The Under Secretary shall explore advanced applications of 
artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts and information 
delivery, such as by carrying out the following:

    (1) Improving data assimilation techniques.

    (2) Using artificial intelligence weather models to quickly 
 emulate running numerical weather models to assess and improve 
 the confidence in and reliability of weather forecasts and 
 information delivery.

    (3) Improving impact-based decision support to communities 
 for greater societal benefits based on weather forecasts.

SEC. 5. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ON USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WEATHER 
 MODELS.

    (a) In General.--The Under Secretary shall regularly inventory and 
assess major non-Federal Government artificial intelligence weather 
models in order to provide the following:

    (1) Technical evaluation and assistance on using such 
 models.

    (2) Best practices on providing forecasts based on outputs 
 from both artificial intelligence weather models and numerical 
 weather models, or a combination thereof.

    (3) Support for forecasters and social scientists to test 
 and evaluate the use and effectiveness of artificial 
 intelligence models, including within National Oceanic and 
 Atmospheric Administration testbeds.

    (4) Support for emergency managers to make operational 
 decisions based on outputs from both artificial intelligence 
 weather models and numerical weather models, or a combination 
 thereof.

    (b) Reforecast Analysis.--

    (1) In general.--The Under Secretary shall support the 
 development of a common framework for the assessment of 
 numerical weather models and artificial intelligence weather 
 models through reforecast analysis and related methodologies as 
 the Under Secretary considers appropriate.

    (2) Best practices.--In carrying out this subsection, the 
 Under Secretary may develop and disseminate best practices in 
 collaboration with the following:
        (A) The National Institute for Standards and 
 Technology.
        (B) The National Aeronautics and Space 
 Administration.
            (C) The National Science Foundation.
            (D) The Department of Energy.
        (E) Academic and research institutions.
        (F) The private sector.

    (3) Report on use of analysis to improve models.--Not later 
 than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 
 Under Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, 
 Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on 
 Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives 
 a report on the feasibility of using reforecast analysis 
 techniques to improve seasonal and subseasonal models.
            (c) Weather Forecast Offices.--In carrying out this section, the 
Under Secretary shall provide technical assistance, best practices, and 
support required under subsection

    (a) through weather forecast offices 
of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
            (d) Independent Study on the Impacts of Artificial Intelligence 
Weather, Water, and Space Weather Models.--The Under Secretary may 
enter into an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences or any 
other entity determined appropriate by the Under Secretary to assess 
the impacts of artificial intelligence weather models on the weather 
enterprise and make recommendations to improve the integration of such 
models in operational forecasting.

SEC. 6. FIRE ENVIRONMENT MODELING PROGRAM.

    (a) In General.--Not later than one year after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, in coordination with the 
Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the 
Secretary of Homeland Security, and in consultation with the 
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the 
Secretary of Energy, the Director of the National Science Foundation, 
any appropriate Federal advisory committees, and such other technical 
experts as the Under Secretary considers appropriate, shall develop a 
program to use artificial intelligence to analyze available 
observational data and synthetic data on the built and natural 
environments in order to carry out the following:

    (1) Warn at-risk communities, firefighters, and other 
 responders, including by integrating social science informed 
 research and development.

    (2) Predict and detect wildfires to the maximum extent 
 practicable.

    (3) Forecast wildland and built environment fire 
 propagation and potential impacts based on an analysis of the 
 elements influencing fire behavior, weather conditions, 
 terrain, and observations of the fire environment.

    (4) Detect, monitor, and forecast smoke and other hazards 
 associated with wildfires.

    (b) Training Dataset.--In carrying out this section, the Under 
Secretary may acquire observational data and synthetic data on the 
built and natural environments collected across the United States to 
develop and curate a related artificial intelligence-ready training 
dataset for purposes of training the artificial intelligence used in 
furtherance of this section.
            (c) Data Acquisition.--In carrying out this section, the Under 
Secretary may enter into contracts to acquire relevant data referred to 
in this section.
            (d) Weather Integration.--In carrying out this section, the Under 
Secretary shall integrate outputs from weather and other environmental 
models and observational data and synthetic data referred to in 
subsection

    (a) .

    (e) Environmental Impact.--The Under Secretary shall develop and 
disseminate best practices to minimize environmental impacts from the 
use of artificial intelligence to carry out this section.

SEC. 7. PARTNERSHIPS FOR TRANSFORMATIONAL INNOVATION.

    (a) In General.--The Under Secretary shall explore novel structures 
for partnerships with private entities and academic entities for 
transformative innovation in weather forecasting and other 
environmental forecasts in order to carry out the following:

    (1) Further the understanding of weather, water, wildfires, 
 and space weather, and associated societal impact.

    (2) Advance the science of weather and water forecasting, 
 including seasonal and subseasonal forecasting.

    (3) Develop, evaluate, and transition artificial 
 intelligence weather, water, and hazard forecasting 
 applications for operations.

    (b) Co-Investment.--In carrying out this section, subject to 
applicable law, the Under Secretary shall consider and adopt novel co-
investment strategies with the private sector and academic sector, 
including the following:

    (1) Non-Federal Government contributions to resource and 
 support high-risk, high-return research and development in 
 environmental forecasting, data science, artificial 
 intelligence, and related fields.

    (2) Shared rights to intellectual property from research 
 and development activities under this section.

    (3) Other approaches to sharing resources and results under 
 this section.

SEC. 8. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WORKFORCE EXPERTISE.

    (a) In General.--The Under Secretary, to the maximum extent 
practicable, shall develop, recruit, and sustain a professional 
workforce for weather forecasting applications of artificial 
intelligence.

    (b) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall leverage robust 
public-private partnership models to collaborate with private sector 
experts and provide employees with access to training, experience, and 
long-term development of workforce and infrastructure in order to 
utilize artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts.

SEC. 9. DATA ACCESS.

    (a) In General.--The Under Secretary may make available to the 
public, as the Under Secretary determines appropriate, at no cost and 
with no restrictions on copying, publishing, distributing, citing, 
adapting, or otherwise using under an open license, any data or code 
developed under this Act.

    (b) Accommodations.--The Under Secretary may make such 
accommodations as the Under Secretary considers appropriate to ensure 
that the public release of any model, information, documentation, or 
data pursuant to this Act does not jeopardize any of the following:

    (1) National security.

    (2) Intellectual property or redistribution rights, 
 including under titles 17 and 35, United States Code.

    (3) Any trade secret or commercial or financial information 
 subject to 

section 552

    (b)

    (4) of title 5, United States Code.

    (4) Any models or data that are otherwise restricted by 
 contract or other written agreement.

    (5) The mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
 Administration to protect lives and property.
            (c) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this Act may be construed to 
supersede any other provision of law governing the protection of the 
national security interests of the United States.
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